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Somalia has struggled to reestablish a functioning state since the collapse of an authoritarian regime in 1991. Limited, indirect elections brought a federal government to power in 2012. By 2016, it had established five federal member states, though these semiautonomous regions are often at odds with the central government. The government’s territorial control is also contested by a separatist government in Somaliland and by the Shabaab, an Islamist militant group. No direct national elections have been held to date, and political affairs remain dominated by clan divisions. Amid ongoing insecurity, human rights abuses by both state and nonstate actors occur regularly.
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is a country in the Horn of Africa.
The country is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north,
the Indian Ocean to the east, and Kenya to the southwest.
Human rights in Somalia throughout the late 20th-century and early 21st-century were considered dire,
but have gradually improved over the following years.
Human rights are guaranteed in the Federal Constitution, which was adopted in August 2012.
They fall under the Ministry of Human Rights established in August 2013.
The central authorities concurrently inaugurated a National Human Rights Day, endorsed an official Human Rights Roadmap,
and completed Somalia's first National Gender Policy.