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What is democracy?

Definition of Democracy

Before we can even start discussing the ways our democracy can be improved, we must agree on a common sense definition of the term.

Searching how countless thinkers and scholars define the word "democracy", we can't fail to notice that there is no simple, standard definition. Similarly, if we were to ask common people on the street to define democracy, we would get a variety of different answers and we would be no closer to having an exact definition of the term.

However, by putting together all the possible answers and definitions, we can highlight the intrinsic qualities of democracies. A definite series of features stand out, with each one deriving from the previously enumerated ones.

It is, after all, critical to gain a clear understanding of the defining features of a democracy, because it provides a bedrock upon which to build all of that which will be discussed afterwards, a standard that we can use to gauge our democratic achievements.

Preface: Invoking Democracy — We, the Autocrats

The word 'democracy' is often the first refuge of the tyrant. We examine the deceptive language and actions of those who cloak authoritarianism in democratic garb, recognizing that the seeds of autocracy can lie within us all.

1: First level of democracy — We, the Individuals

Democracy begins with the individual. True power resides in the ability of each person to shape their own life and destiny, their right to self-determination. This is the foundation upon which all other levels are built.

2: Second level of democracy — We, the Society

Individual liberty thrives within a responsible society. This level explores how we balance personal freedom with our obligations to each other, ensuring that individual rights do not come at the expense of the common good.

3: Third level of democracy — We, the Professionals

Beyond theory, democracy demands effective action. This level examines the vital institutions, laws, and expertise that translate ideals into a functioning and fair society.

4: Fourth level of democracy — We, the People

After the institutions, the true power rightfully returns to the people. This level examines how citizens can meaningfully shape their government through informed participation, elections, and effective voting methods.

5: Fifth level of democracy — We, the Media

Democracy thrives on truth but withers with disinformation. This level explores the responsibility of all actors, from media institutions to individuals – in ensuring citizens have access to accurate information, crucial for honest public discourse and informed participation.

6: Sixth level of democracy — We, the Breadwinners

The promise of democracy falters when wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few. We cannot have democracy with a starving population. Instead, we must ensure a dignified livelihood for all. This level explores fair wages, equitable profit sharing, taxes, and the crucial link between economic security and political freedom.

7: Seventh level of democracy — We, the Earthlings

Democracy cannot last without a more peaceful and equitable world. Sustainable democracy demands a global vision. This level explores the responsibility of nations to foster fair, equitable and mutually supportive diplomatic relationships, solving economic colonialism and migration issues, while actively confronting threats from authoritarian regimes.

8: Eighth level of democracy — We, Humans

We started with individual rights, and worked our way up for the collective good of humankind. We now reach the culmination of our exploration of what the essence of democracy is. It finds its truest expression in compassion, mutual help, solidarity and empathy for our shared humanity. Ultimately, democracy is the best social contract enabling the physical, emotional, intellectual, ethical and spiritual development of all human beings.

Addendum A: Democracy — a Work in Progress

Democracy is not a destination, but a journey. Complacency is democracy's greatest enemy. Constant vigilance is required to prevent backsliding into authoritarianism. We explore why every democratic nation, regardless of its history, must strive for 'a more perfect union,' constantly evolving to meet the challenges of the present and safeguard the freedoms of the future.

Addendum B: Democracy — the Soloist and the Choir

Democracy needs both the visionary soloist and the harmonious choir. While individual brilliance can inspire, democracy thrives on collective action. We examine how the greatest achievements are often the result of teamwork and mutual support, rather than singular accomplishments.

Addendum C: Democracy — Saints and Little Devils

Is democracy a fragile system destined to fail because of the flaws of human nature? Democracy is only as good as the people who wield its power. We ask: what kind of democracy would emerge from a nation of saints versus a nation of 'little devils,' and what does it tell us about our own responsibility?

Addendum D: Democracy — Teaching it with ethics

Freedom is not inherited; it must be taught and cultivated. How can we teach democracy without indoctrination? We confront the ethical challenge of educating young minds in democratic values, respecting freedom of conscience and diverse perspectives, while equipping future generations to build a just society.

Addendum E: Democracy — The small matter of taxation

Taxes are a "small matter" that shapes the very fabric of our society. Are taxes used as the fuel for democracy or abused to create social injustice? We explore the necessity of taxation, the ethics of different tax systems, and why a fair tax system is vital for a just and equitable society.

Addendum F: Democracy — Environmental Stewardship

Our democracies promise a better future, but what future is possible on a planet in peril? Environmental challenges like climate change, pollution, limited natural resources directly relate to other pressing issues like social injustice, taxation, disinformation, and democracy itself. Environmental stewardship isn't an option—it's fundamental to the survival of our shared future. The time for complacency is over.

Addendum G: Democracy — Our Digital Habitat: Towards an Enlightened Web?

From a tool of scientific collaboration to a battleground of misinformation, the internet's journey has been anything but straightforward. Once a beacon of connection, the internet now faces challenges that threaten democracy itself. Our future is intertwined with that of the web. How do we reclaim the original vision of the web for the benefit of all? Can we build a more enlightened digital habitat that strengthens democracy and that really connects us, as a humanity?

Topics

0: Dangers — Threats to democracy and social justice in all their forms.
1: Individuals — Individual Rights, Liberties, and personal development.
2: Society — Living peacefully together in society.
3: Institutions — The pillars of democracy
4: Elections — Individuals choosing their leaders and representatives.
5: Information — Access to accurate information is a necessity in a democracy.
6: Living — The need to make a living and provide for one's family.
7: International — The international aspects of democracy and social justice.
8: Humanity — Humanity: compassion, solidarity and mutual help
Addendum A: WIP — A work in progress
Addendum B: Teamwork — Democracy is a job for all of us.
Addendum C: Spirit — The Human Spirit and human development.
Addendum D: Education — Education and building the future.
Addendum E: Taxes — A necessary part of life
Addendum F: Environment — For our generation and future generations.
Addendum G: The Web — Fixing today's Web, building tomorrow's enlightened Web.
List of people — People on Democracy and Social Justice
Lists and topics — An entrance into the rabbit hole...

World: countries and international organisations

Democracy and social justice in the world.

Although we are only getting started, we aim to progressively extend our coverage of countries around the world.

Democratic Osmosis: How Our Example Can Change the World

What if the most powerful way to spread democracy wasn't through force, but through the quiet, yet potent influence of a good example? This article explores the concept of 'Democratic Osmosis,' explaining how the strength and success of our own democracies can inspire positive change globally, just like a drop of ink can spread in water.

The Power of Example: How Improving Our Democracies Can Help Those Under Oppression

Can we truly help those suffering under brutal authoritarian regimes? This article explores the concept of democracy spreading through 'osmosis,' arguing that the most effective way to inspire freedom and justice worldwide is by first building stronger, more resilient democracies at home, thus setting a positive example for the world to follow.

Threats to Democracy

The Two Sides of Democratic Dysfunction: Understanding Duverger Syndrome and Tweed Syndrome

Democracy isn't just about good institutions; it's about good intentions. Explore how 'Duverger Syndrome' and 'Tweed Syndrome'—a corrupt system and its corrupt use—are undermining democracy from both sides.

Duverger Syndrome

The Duverger Syndrome is democracies' most critical illness. Both the causes and the fixes are known. Solutions must be applied as a matter of priority.

Tweed Syndrome

Tweed Syndrome is the deliberate undermining of democratic institutions and processes through corruption to secure and perpetuate power and profit.

External Threats to Democracy

Established democracies are under attack from authoritarian regimes.

The Duverger Syndrome: A Corrupt System

Duverger Syndrome

The Duverger Syndrome is democracies' most critical illness. Both the causes and the fixes are known. Solutions must be applied as a matter of priority.

The symptoms of the Duverger Syndrome

Duverger symptom 1: divisive dualism

Democratic countries throughout the world all have electorates of millions of voters who seem to neatly fall into two broad camps. Is that natural? Is that healthy?

Duverger symptom 2: destructive alternance

What is alternance and what's wrong with it?

Duverger symptom 3: party politics

Putting party over country, the rat race for power...

Duverger symptom 4: negative campaigning

Negative campaigning and dirty politics. It does not have to be this way!

Duverger symptom 5: lack of choice, lack of good candidates

Why our electoral choice always seems to be limited to two less-than-ideal candidates...

Duverger symptom 6: extremism

Our electoral system, far from helping us finding consensual candidates with broad appeal, seem to favour divisive politicians coming from the extremes.

Duverger symptom 7: Periodical political realignments

Regular upheavals in political and social conditions cause major changes in the two-party system.

Duverger's Law

Duverger's Law

On single winner electoral systems and the tendency for a two party system.

Historical examples

Duverger example: USA, 19th century

The United States has not always had a two-party political system. It started during the 1836 presidential elections.

Duverger example: USA, 21st century

American politics in the 21st century, and the rise of Trumpism, the MAGA movement, and post-truth politics offer a frightening example of all the symptoms of the Duverger Syndrome combined, pushing American democracy agonizingly close to its breaking point.

Duverger example: Taiwan 2000 and 2004 presidential elections

The 2000 and 2004 presidential elections in the Republic of China, Taiwan are the best historical illustration of Duverger's Law, and mimic quite closely what occurred almost two centuries earlier in the United States during their 1836 and 1840 elections.

Duverger example: Taiwan 2024 presidential election

Duverger example: France and the dangers of alternance

Tweed Syndrome: A Corrupt Use of the System

Tweed Syndrome

Tweed Syndrome is the deliberate undermining of democratic institutions and processes through corruption to secure and perpetuate power and profit.

The symptoms of the Tweed Syndrome

Tweed symptom 2: primaries

Tweed Symptom: Uncontested Elections

Boss Tweed

William M. Tweed, a.k.a. Boss Tweed

Tweedism: A Legacy of Corruption

Inflated contracts, kickbacks, and a brazen disregard for the law. Dive into the corrupt world of 'Tweedism' and discover how one man nearly broke New York City.

The Enduring Threat of Tweed Syndrome: Systemic Corruption in the Modern Age

The echoes of 'Boss' Tweed still reverberate today. Like a disease that spreads, Tweed Syndrome is corrupting the very fabric of democracy. From politics to corporations, this endemic plague is a sore on our society.

Solutions

The end of political parties

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Building democracy with good voting methods

Voting methods

One of the most critical priority for any democracy is to improve its electoral system and start using a much better voting method.

The problem

Duverger Syndrome

The Duverger Syndrome is democracies' most critical illness. Both the causes and the fixes are known. Solutions must be applied as a matter of priority.

Single Choice Voting

Plurality voting

Plurality voting is a very common voting method, but one with many severe flaws.

The solution

Approval Voting

Rated Voting (class of voting methods)

The end of political parties

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Media

Media

A good media environment is critical for a healthy and stable democracy.

The quality of our knowledge of public matters is commensurate with the quality of the media that deliver us the information upon which we rely to create our own opinion of what is right and what is wrong, whom to vote for or against, etc.

Foreign influence in local media landscape

For good or for evil, openly or covertly, countries routinely influence each other's media landscape. Some countries have adopted legislation to control, regular, curtail or restrict foreign influence.

Justice

Justice

A strong judiciary is important in any democracy, as it can balance the powers of the executive and of the legislative.

Social justice

What social justice is, and what it is not.

Taxes

Addendum E: Democracy — The small matter of taxation

Taxes are a "small matter" that shapes the very fabric of our society. Are taxes used as the fuel for democracy or abused to create social injustice? We explore the necessity of taxation, the ethics of different tax systems, and why a fair tax system is vital for a just and equitable society.

The Tax Renaissance: A New Era for Justice and Sustainability

The old ways of taxation are failing us, harming our planet and creating social inequalities by putting the burden on workers. Organic Taxes present a revolutionary solution: a shift from taxing labor to taxing harm, incentivizing sustainability and justice. This innovative and powerful approach aims to create an economy where sustainable practices are rewarded and harmful behaviors are discouraged, for the benefit of all, not just a privileged few.

Multiple Crises Caused by a Broken Fiscal System

Labor Taxes: A Heavy and Unjust Burden

We all pay them, but what are the hidden costs of taxes on work? The pervasiveness of labor taxes exacerbates social inequality by disproportionately burdening those who work for a living, widening the wealth gap, benefiting only the top 1%, while destroying our environment all at the same time.

Externalities: Hidden costs for Society

Our economy is subsidizing destruction. Unseen costs – externalities – are driving environmental collapse and social injustice. It’s time to denounce these hidden burdens and demand a system that values people and the planet.

Redistribution of Wealth: A False Solution

Is wealth inequality a problem of distribution, or of flawed systems? Instead of focusing on 'redistribution', we need to address the root causes that allow for the undue accumulation of wealth by a select few.

The Fiscal Renaissance: A Vision for the Future

Pigouvian taxes: Correcting Market Failures and Promoting Efficiency

Markets aren't perfect. They often fail to account for the hidden costs of pollution, resource depletion, and other negative impacts. Pigouvian taxes offer a solution—a way to correct these market failures, making businesses and consumers pay for the true costs of their actions and promoting a more efficient and sustainable economy.

Organic Taxes: A Path Towards a Balanced and Sustainable Future

Why are we taxing labor when we should be taxing pollution? Our current system is broken, and "Organic Taxes" challenges the status quo. Discover a bold new approach that seeks to build a more sustainable and equitable future by fundamentally changing how we think about taxes.

Organic Taxes: The Cure for Healthcare Funding

Our healthcare systems are drowning under the weight of rising costs and persistent inequalities. What if the way we fund healthcare is as much a part of the problem as the illnesses themselves? The radical shift to 'organic taxes' can pave the way to a more sustainable, equitable, and healthy society.

A Fair Share

A Fair Share

Beyond wages: It's time for a true fair share. This section explores the fundamental principles of economic justice, and how to ensure that workers receive the compensation they deserve, moving beyond basic salaries and focusing on an equitable distribution of the profits generated by our collective effort.

Crises

Economic Injustice

Wealth Inequality in America

Poverty

Profitable Factories Shutting Down

Offshoring

How the wealthy pass on economic burden to the poor

Principles

Labour: The Human Contribution to Value Creation

Labour is not the sole source of value, but it's an essential component. Explore the role of human effort, skill, and creativity in transforming raw materials and ideas into valuable goods and services.

Capital

Is capital just money, or something more? Tools, technology, and even the very concept of wealth are all linked to the human effort that creates them, and how this understanding is vital for a truly "Fair Share" economy.

Solutions

A Fair Share of the Profits

A Fair Share of Responsibilities

Universal basic income

Leadership: Do Character and Competence Still Matter?

The Rise of the Dunce: How Ignorance Undermines Democracy

Ignorance isn't bliss, it's a weapon. The dangerous rise of incompetent leaders is a global crisis threatening our very society. How did ignorance become a path to power, fueling disinformation, eroding trust, and undermining democratic values? Are we on the path to self-destruction?

External Threats to Democracy

External Threats to Democracy

Established democracies are under attack from authoritarian regimes.

Authoritarianism

List of topics related to authoritarianism and autocratic regimes.

How Authoritarian Regimes use Our Democratic Weaknesses Against Us.

Democracies, with their commitment to freedom and openness, are also vulnerable. Authoritarian regimes are strategically exploiting our inherent weaknesses – from polarization and disinformation to electoral vulnerabilities – to undermine our systems and consolidate their own power. It's not enough to simply defend our values; we must also address the flaws that our opponents are eager to exploit.

The Duverger Trap: How a Flawed Electoral System Opens the Door to Authoritarian Exploitation

The Duverger Syndrome, born from single-winner plurality voting systems, creates a political landscape that is easily exploited by authoritarian regimes. The inherent flaws of this system – divisive dualism, negative campaigning, and political instability – become weapons in the hands of those who seek to undermine democracy.

Transnational authoritarianism

Authoritarian regimes cross borders and repress refugees living in democratic countries.

Cyberwarfare

Both authoritarian regimes and democratic countries have active cyberwarfare units.

Right speech and constructive discourse

Political discourse

A healthy political discourse is an important part of democratic life.

Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is not what people think it is...

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